Thymosin Alpha-1

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a synthetic peptide that enhances the immune system's ability to defend against infections, tumors, and chronic inflammation. It is widely studied for its immunomodulatory effects in cancer therapy, hepatitis, HIV, and other conditions involving immune suppression. Though not FDA-approved in the U.S., it is approved in several countries for adjuvant use in immunocompromised patients.

• Activates toll-like receptors TLR3/4/9 on dendritic cells and monocytes
• Promotes T cell maturation and cytokine signaling via TLR2/NF-κB and TLR7/MyD88 pathways
• Enhances activity of natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes

• unit: mg

  low dose: 0.8

  frequency: 2-3 times per week

  high dose: 3.2

  standard dose: 1.6

  administration route: Subcutaneous (SQ)

• Administer 1.6 mg SubQ injection 2–3 times weekly. Standard cycle: 6–12 weeks. Maintenance protocols vary by condition; periodic reassessment of immune markers recommended.

common: ["Mild fever, muscle aches, fatigue, chills"]

warnings: ["When combined with interferon: rare neutropenia, joint pain, rash","ALT flares in chronic hepatitis B; TSH abnormalities in chronic hepatitis C"]

sequence: Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Ser-Glu-Ile-Ile-Cys-Cys-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Glu.THR-VAL-HIS

half life: Approx. 2 hours; biological activity may persist longer through immune cell stimulation

degradation: Primarily degraded by proteolytic enzymes in the liver and kidney

molecular weight: 3108.32

molecular formula: C129H215N33O55

tissue specificity: Acts on immune cells—T cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, NK cells

• Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.reviewPMID 41373628 ↗
• Thymosin alpha-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications.reviewPMID 36812669 ↗
• Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B.clinicalPMID 25640173 ↗