Sports injury / post-op

In preclinical musculoskeletal injury models and one retrospective human series, BPC-157 improved functional, structural, and biomechanical healing of tendon, ligament, muscle, and bone via angiogenic and growth-factor pathways.

GHK copper-peptide promotes angiogenesis, endothelial proliferation, collagen deposition, and tissue remodeling, accelerating wound closure in preclinical (including diabetic) models.

IGF-1, a myogenic factor acutely depleted after volumetric muscle loss, drives muscle regeneration, reduces fibrosis, and improves strength recovery in preclinical injury models; IGF-1 LR3 is a long-acting analog of this signal.

MGF (IGF-1Ec) and its E-domain peptide promote myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and migration, recruit mesenchymal stem cells, and reduce myocyte apoptosis in preclinical repair models.

Thymosin beta-4 promotes angiogenesis, endothelial and stem-cell migration, and anti-apoptotic survival in preclinical wound, ischemia, and graft models, supporting a tissue-repair role.